壳聚糖的特性分析及其免疫调节功能研究进展

壳聚糖是甲壳素经脱乙酰化后得到的一种生物活性阳离子多糖，来源丰富，制备简单，是自然界存在的唯一的碱性多糖，不同原材料或不同工艺制备的壳聚糖具备的平均相对分子质量、脱乙酰度、氨基含量及红外光谱等基本特性会有所不同。而壳聚糖普遍具有的良好生物相容性、天然降解性和粘膜吸附性等理化性能，可发挥降血脂、降血糖、抗氧化、抗炎症、抗菌抑菌及增强免疫等医学功效。本文即先对壳聚糖的基本特性进行分析，然后针对其在免疫应答反应（包括固有免疫和特异性免疫）中的调节功能进行综述，尤其作为佐剂，壳聚糖可有效降低药物酶解率，提升药物稳定性以及治疗效果；其靶向性、高效保护性、缓释性及抗原增强性能显著增强机体的特异性免疫。另外，结合前期结果对其作用机理进行探究：一氧化氮（NO）途径，是通过壳聚糖刺激巨噬细胞控制NO释放来实现其对免疫系统的应答；磷脂酶A2-花生四烯酸（PLA2-AA）途径通过壳聚糖刺激PLA2和AA的活性进一步诱导免疫细胞进而调节机体免疫系统。最后，针对壳聚糖在医学领域中的进一步开发与应用作出展望。

Chitosan is a bioactive cationic polysaccharide obtained by deacetylation of chitin which is rich in source and simple in preparation from different raw materials or different processes,may have different basic properties such as average relative molecular mass,degree of deacetylation,amino content and infrared spectrum.It is the only alkaline polysaccharide found in nature with many abilities,such as good biocompatibility,natural degradability and mucosal adsorption.Chitosan can improve the body's immunity,antibacterial,anti-oxidation,anti-inflammatory,promote wound healing,lower hyperglycemia,lower hyperlipemia and other effects.This review summarizes the physicochemical properties of chitosan,focusing on its regulatory functions in immune response,including innate immunity and specific immunity.Studies showed that chitosan was effective in enhancing innate and specific immune functions,especially as an adjuvant.Chitosan adjuvant could effectively reduce the enzyme hydrolysis of vaccine,improve the stability and efficacy of the drug and increase antigen presentation.Sustained release and antigen enhancement can significantly enhance the specific immunity of the body.The underlying mechanisms involved in the immuno-modulation properties of chitosan include different pathways.The nitric oxide (NO)pathway is to increase NO release through chitosan-stimulated macrophage to increase the response of the immune system.The phospholipase A 2-arachidonic acid (PLA2-AA)pathway includes the stimulates of the activity of PLA2 and AA by chitosan to further induce immune properties.Finally,the further development and application of chitosan in the field of medicine are prospected.

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