牛黄及其代用品化学成分、分析方法和药理作用研究进展

中药牛黄药用历史悠久，但药源匮乏。为了满足临床用药的需要，目前将人工牛黄、培植牛黄、体外培育牛黄作为牛黄代用品。本文对牛黄及其代用品的化学成分、定性分析、定量分析以及药理作用等方面进行了系统的综述。其中，定性分析方法包括性状鉴别、显微鉴别、理化鉴别等方法，定量分析方面详细阐述牛黄及其代用品的主要活性成分胆红素、胆酸、氨基酸及无机元素含量测定方法，药理作用方面系统阐述牛黄及其代用品对中枢神经系统、心血管及血液循环系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、免疫系统的影响以及抗炎和抗氧化作用，以期为牛黄及其代用品的药效物质基础阐明、质量标准提高和临床应用研究提供依据。

Cow--bezoar,a traditional Chinese medicinal medicine,has been commonly used for a long history. In order to satisfy the demand of clinical medication,artificial cow-bezoar,cultured cow-bezoar,in vitro cultured Calculus Bovis are used as the substitution of cow-bezoar at present. In this paper,the chemical constituents,qualitative and quantitative analysis methods and pharmacological effects of calculus bovis and their substitutes were systematically reviewed. The qualitative analysis methods included the methods of character identification,microscopic identification,physical and chemical identification. Quantitative methods including the determination methods of bilirubin,cholic acid,amino acids and inorganic elements in cow-bezoar and its substitutes were described in detail. The pharmacological effects of cow-bezoar and its substitutes on the central nervous system and the cardiovascular and blood circulation system,their influence on the digestive system,the respiratory system and the immune system,and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on the immune system were systematically expounded. The review can provide the basis to elucidate pharmacodynamic material basis,and to improve the quality standard and clinical application research.